465 documentos indexados para periódico REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED

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Artigo

<i>Soft law</i> e sustentabilidade na indústria da moda: o caso da Copenhagen Fashion Week

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED , v. 21, n. 2, 2026
Soft law has gained increasing relevance within the international community, especially because it allows for the adoption of more flexible measures that can be adapted to different realities. In the environmental field, many of these measures are aimed at environmental protection and the promotion of sustainability, also reaching the fashion industry. Considering this relationship, this article aims to analyze Copenhagen Fashion Week and its connection with international soft law instruments related to sustainability. To this end, a qualitative case study is conducted, together with bibliographical and documentary research on soft law, sustainability, and the main international measures related to the fashion industry. Particular attention is given to the incorporation of Sustainable Development Goals 12, 13, and 17 into the requirements established by Copenhagen Fashion Week for participating brands. The study concludes that the event contributes to the implementation of parameters related to soft law and encourages sustainable practices in the fashion industry, while also having the potential to influence other Fashion Weeks to adopt similar measures.
Artigo

The FRAND transparency paradox: non-discrimination, confidentiality and comparable licences in standard essential patent litigation

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
Standard Essential Patent (SEP) litigation increasingly relies on comparable licenses to determine fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms. Yet the contractual information required for comparison is frequently protected by confidentiality clauses, non-disclosure agreements, trade secrets and procedural restrictions on access. This article examines how the non-discrimination limb of FRAND can remain legally verifiable under those conditions. Using a qualitative, comparative, and doctrinal legal approach, it analyses recent EPO, WIPO, and UKIPO materials together with a deliberately limited set of judicial decisions, particularly InterDigital v. Optis, Samsung v. ZTE, and MediaTek v. Huawei, complemented by recent Brazilian SEP litigation. The article identifies a FRAND Transparency Paradox: the law increasingly requires comparison while simultaneously protecting the information necessary to perform it. It argues that resolving this tension does not require unrestricted disclosure of comparable licenses, but rather institutional verifiability—procedural conditions under which materially relevant confidential information can be examined and meaningfully challenged without unnecessary public disclosure. The article proposes three parameters for that architecture: protected access, contextual verification and public reasoning. Confidentiality may remain legitimate; it should not operate as evidentiary blindness.
Artigo

Interesse de agir, legitimatio ad causam e controvérsia no processo perante a Corte Internacional de Justiça

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED , v. 22, n. 1, 2026
An authoritative view (Gaetano Morelli) had excluded that the interest to sue could play an autonomous role in international proceedings. The case of the Allegations of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation) re-proposes the problem, which is discussed in this article both in its theoretical dimension, pertaining to international proceedings in general, and, above all, with regard to the proceedings before the International Court of Justice. In the particular context of the latter, multiple elements lead to the view that the interest to sue constitutes an autonomous condition of admissibility of the application, which is functional to various exigencies of protection. It would serve, notably, the general purpose of preventing actions that cannot result in a judgment producing useful legal effects for the applicant and the legal order, as well as actions that, on various grounds, entail an abuse of process. In distinguishing the interest to sue from both the existence of the dispute and standing, two specific problems are ultimately considered for which such distinctions are relevant, namely: the order of treatment of preliminary questions and the res judicata effect of the Court’s judgments in cases concerning the violation of erga omnes obligations.
Artigo

As origens valorativas do liberalismo e a questão social no pensamento liberal

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED , v. 21, n. 3, 2026
O liberalismo é a corrente de pensamento que, por excelência, engloba o que Radbruch denomina de invidualismo axiológico, a liberdade individual é a matriz do seu esforço histórico de limitação do poder estatal e a liberdade negativa (Berlin) de indevassabilidade da vida privada. O fato político de uma sociedade não proteger a liberdade individual é que ela pagará com a dominação de grupos políticos de caráter autoritário, que dominará a própria sociedade, e a definirá a partir de um poder incontrolável; axiologicamente só perdura a liberdade social e qualquer projeto de igualdade de um Estado social com a proteção prioritária à liberdade do indivíduo e sua vivência de campos de liberdade privada e pública. A massificação da sociedade em nada contribui para a paz política ou a igualdade coletiva da liberdade externa (jurídico-econômica), a despersonalização promovida por ditaduras políticas ou por sistemas juseconômicos coletivistas que destruam a individualidade não asseguram o progresso e a autonomia da humanidade frente ao poder (Kant).
Artigo

Artificial Intelligence (AI) applied to tax enforcement: an evaluation of the OSIRIS project in the face of the paradox of judicial inefficiency.

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED , v. 21, n. 3, 2026
The Brazilian judicial system faces a major challenge with tax enforcement proceedings, characterized by a massive volume of lawsuits, high delays, and low efficiency in the recovering public credit. This article analyzes the dichotomy between the apparent simplicity of the TE legal procedure and the factual complexity faced in practice, based on data from the  report "Justice in Numbers 2024" (CNJ) and research on the cost of TE in the Federal District (FDRP-USP/IPEA). To address these challenges, the article examines the potential use of artificial intelligence through the OSIRIS Project, developed by the University of Brasília (UnB) in partnership with the Attorney General's Office of the Federal District (PGDF) and the Court of Justice of the Federal District and Territories (TJDFT). OSIRIS proposes an architecture guided by procedural logic, demonstrating high accuracy in identifying procedural phases, states, and acts, along with a significant reduction in computational costs. It is concluded that AI has great potential to optimize TE, reduce delays, and increase revenue collection, although further research is needed to precisely quantify these gains. The OSIRIS architecture also presents itself as a replicable model for other areas of law.
Artigo

Jürgen Habermas and the Internet as Public Sphere Environment

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED , v. 21, n. 3, 2026
The research that led to this article focused on observing Habermas's contributions to understanding of the public sphere, aiming to evaluate the applicability of the public sphere concept developed by the author in the context of the Internet. Initially examining the original proposal of Habermas's public sphere and, subsequently, analyzing the conceptual transformation of his theory, given the premise of the Internet as a public medium that enables the expression of opinions and communication on a global scale. Starting from a Habermasian perspective, the possibilities and risks posed by this digital network structure were examined. Given the extensive capillarity of digital telecommunications structures, despite the still remaining access barriers, the ease of use, the possibility of self-publishing, and the widespread reach raised the central question of the research: does the Internet represent a potentially "democratic" medium, that is, a virtual public sphere in which public discourses, based on freedom of expression, strengthen citizen enrolment? The initial hypothesis was based on the suspicion that, nowadays, although the global computer network presents structural conditions favorable to freedom of expression, it creates an environment where discourses are fragmented, compromising the genuine exercise of public debate and, consequently, democracy itself. The study was conducted using a hermeneutic-dialectical approach, comparing Habermas's most recent contribution to the public sphere with his previous proposal. As a result of the research, it was found that Habermas proposes the expansion of opportunities for civic interaction on the Internet, the repression of hate speech and the spread of fake news, as well as the increase of alternatives to social platforms operated by private companies.
Artigo

Hermenêutica Digital e Acesso à Justiça: A convergência entre Linguagem Simples e Inteligência Artificial

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED , v. 21, n. 1, 2026
O presente artigo realiza uma análise crítica e aprofundada da aplicação da Inteligência Artificial (IA) no sistema de justiça brasileiro, investigando seus impactos sobre a celeridade processual e o acesso à justiça, com um enfoque especial na adoção da linguagem simples como política judiciária. A partir de uma perspectiva constitucional e infralegal, que dialoga com referenciais teóricos do garantismo processual, da sociologia do direito e da teoria da informação, investiga-se a IA como ferramenta de apoio à jurisdição, explorando não apenas suas potencialidades, mas também seus limites éticos, jurídicos e cognitivos, como o viés algorítmico, o desafio da explicabilidade e o risco do viés de automação. A convergência entre IA e linguagem simples, embora promissora, demanda uma governança prudente e uma vigilância epistêmica constante para que a tecnologia sirva como vetor de efetividade da comunicação institucional e de empoderamento do jurisdicionado, sem comprometer as garantias fundamentais. 
Artigo

A interpretação das reivindicações como fundamento da essencialidade, da infração e do licenciamento FRAND em litígios envolvendo patentes essenciais a padrões tecnológicos

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
The growing adoption of technical standards has significantly increased litigation involving Standard Essential Patents (SEPs), shifting legal debate toward FRAND licensing, market power, and injunctive relief. This article argues, however, that these issues remain dependent upon a fundamental principle of patent law: the proper interpretation of patent claims. It contends that claim construction is the necessary starting point for determining patent essentiality, infringement, and the scope of FRAND obligations. Based on Brazilian patent law, comparative jurisprudence, and scholarly literature, the article demonstrates that claim interpretation remains the cornerstone of the legal framework governing SEP disputes, connecting patent law, competition law, and the regulation of technology markets.
Artigo

Anti-Interim-License Injunctions: A New Chapter in the Battle of SEP Royalties

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
The United Kingdom’s interim license regime and the Unified Patent Court’s subsequent anti-interim-license injunctions have introduced a new dimension to global litigation over standard-essential patents (SEPs). This article examines the emerging conflict between these competing approaches and argues that it reflects a broader structural tension between the territorial nature of patent rights and the increasingly global character of FRAND adjudication. After analyzing the development of the UK interim license regime and the UPC’s response in InterDigital v. Amazon, the article places this judicial confrontation in the wider context of WTO disputes concerning anti-suit injunctions, global FRAND rate-setting and the territoriality principle under the TRIPS Agreement. It concludes that the current procedural escalation is symptomatic of the absence of a coherent international framework for allocating jurisdiction over global SEP disputes, and that lasting solutions will require greater coordination between domestic courts, international institutions and private ordering mechanisms.
Artigo

Patentes essenciais e o direito de exclusividade: a inadequação da tutela inibitória

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
This article argues that injunctive relief, although traditionally regarded as the primary mechanism for protecting patents, is ill-suited to disputes involving standard-essential patents (SEPs). It contends that the incorporation of a technology into a technical standard eliminates the de facto exclusivity of exploiting the invention, replacing the logic of exclusion with one of licensing on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms. Based on an interpretation of the Brazilian Federal Constitution, the Brazilian Industrial Property Law, and Competition Law, the article argues that the protection of SEPs should prioritize compensatory and remuneration-based remedies rather than judicial measures capable of excluding implementers from the market. The study examines the legal nature of SEPs and the purpose of injunctive relief under Brazilian civil procedure. It concludes that the most appropriate form of specific relief is to ensure the payment of FRAND royalties, together with compensatory remedies, thereby preserving industrial property rights, competition, interoperability, and technological development.
Artigo

Litígios de Patentes Essenciais no Brasil: O Brasil Como Jurisdição de Nivelamento de Disputas Globais

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
This article provides an empirical analysis of litigation involving standard-essential patents (SEPs) in Brazil. The study identifies 61 cases through May 2026: 52 infringement actions brought by SEP holders and nine declaratory or specific-performance actions brought by implementers. The results show a sharp recent increase in litigation, a high rate of interim injunctions among decided requests, and the predominance of global licensing agreements among closed cases. Of the 52 infringement actions, 37 were filed after January 2025; among the 26 decided requests for interim relief, 22 injunctions remained in force; and 25 of the 27 closed actions ended after the parties entered into global licensing agreements. The article argues that these findings are consistent with Brazil playing a strategic role in the transnational architecture of SEP licensing. Although Brazilian courts formally adjudicate only national patents, remedies capable of restricting sales in a significant market may increase the cost of remaining unlicensed and thereby influence global negotiations. This finding does not establish that Brazilian injunctions caused the agreements subsequently reached, nor does it support a uniform characterization of their use as either a legitimate response to holdout or an instrument of holdup. The article’s contribution lies in empirically documenting the connection between territorial patent enforcement and global licensing negotiations, showing Brazil is Brazil is a leveling jurisdiction for global disputes.
Artigo

Defesa da Concorrência e Patentes Essenciais: Análise da Evolução da Jurisprudência do CADE

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
CADE is one of the main antitrust agencies in the world that has already issued decisions on the interface between standard-essential patents and antitrust. Despite CADE’s relevance, academic discussions on the topic are still scarce in Brazil. This article seeks to partially fill this gap by discussing CADE’s decisions involving standard-essential patents from a critical perspective. As noted, CADE’s decisions concern allegations of patent hold-up through injunctions. Nonetheless, the criteria to identify under which circumstances the use of injunctions by standard-essential patent holders in Brazil may (or not) raise competition concerns are still unclear. Thus, we discuss suggestions to restrict antitrust investigations to cases where SEP owners have clear exclusionary incentives and to establish the refusal of mediation/arbitration proposals by implementers as a safe harbor for standard-essential patent owners to seek injunctions, in order to ensure legal certainty. 
Artigo

Direito ao trabalho e ao lazer e a relação com o desenvolvimento da personalidade e tutela integral da personalidade humana: uma análise sob a ótica ampliativa dos direitos da personalidade

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED , v. 21, n. 2, p. 1-20, 2026, 20 página(s)
O direito ao trabalho e ao lazer são previstos como direitos fundamentais sociais e não classificados comumente como direitos necessários à personalidade humana. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo possui como problemática: se o direito ao trabalho e ao lazer, constitucionalmente previstos como direitos sociais, possuem relação com o desenvolvimento da personalidade e com a tutela integral da personalidade humana? Teve-se como objetivo geral analisar acerca da existência de relação entre o direito ao trabalho e ao lazer com o desenvolvimento da personalidade e com a tutela integral da personalidade humana, sob uma ótica ampliativa dos direitos da personalidade. Já como objetivos específicos, buscou-se analisar: a) os direitos da personalidade e a sua (in)suficiência na tutela da personalidade humana; b) a importância do direito ao trabalho e a sua possível relação com o desenvolvimento da personalidade; c) verificar a importância do direito ao lazer e a sua possível relação com o desenvolvimento da personalidade. Para tanto, o artigo utilizou-se do método de pesquisa dedutivo e da metodologia pautada na técnica de revisão bibliográfica não sistematizada. Ao final, obteve-se como resultado a constatação da existência de relação basilar entre o direito ao trabalho e ao lazer com o desenvolvimento da personalidade.
Artigo

Responsabilidade e Tributação Sustentável: Fundamentos Éticos e Caminhos Cooperativos no Federalismo Brasileiro

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED , v. 21, n. 2, p. 1-26, 2026, 26 página(s)
O estudo propõe uma análise jurídico-filosófica da tributação ambiental no Brasil à luz da Emenda Constitucional nº 132/2023 e da Lei Complementar nº 214/2025, com ênfase no princípio da responsabilidade ambiental. Partindo das formulações éticas de Hans Jonas e das contribuições de Juarez Freitas e Canotilho, examina a necessidade de uma nova racionalidade jurídica voltada à proteção intergeracional do meio ambiente, que ultrapasse os limites tradicionais da legalidade formal e promova decisões públicas ancoradas na precaução, na solidariedade e na sustentabilidade. A pesquisa parte da hipótese de que o novo desenho do sistema tributário nacional, ao prever mecanismos como o Imposto Seletivo e a vinculação de receitas a critérios ambientais, depende da consolidação de capacidades institucionais para sua efetividade. O federalismo cooperativo, especialmente por meio de consórcios públicos, surge como elemento estratégico para garantir a implementação de políticas tributárias sustentáveis e territorialmente adaptadas. Ao final, defende-se que a articulação entre filosofia, tributação e estrutura federativa não é apenas desejável, mas necessária para que o Estado brasileiro cumpra seu dever constitucional de proteger o meio ambiente para as presentes e futuras gerações. O artigo utiliza metodologia qualitativa, com revisão bibliográfica e análise normativa, e busca contribuir para o aprofundamento do debate sobre justiça fiscal e responsabilidade ecológica no âmbito do Direito Público brasileiro.
Artigo

A relação entre a nova economia institucional e as inovações tecnológicas da Inteligência Artificial e Internet das Coisas

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED , v. 21, n. 2, p. 1-19, 2026, 19 página(s)
O crescimento das empresas de tecnologia tem provocado mudanças significativas na economia e na sociedade. Antes, setores diferentes se destacavam em valor, mas hoje, as empresas de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação dominam. No contexto atual, a Inteligência Artificial e a Internet das Coisas emergem como forças cruciais, transformando estratégias de negócios e promovendo a criação de novos produtos e serviços. O artigo explora os aspectos jurídicos e econômicos da Nova Economia Institucional, analisando a relação com inovações tecnológicas. Utilizando métodos dedutivo e exploratório, investiga as teorias de Douglas North e Williamson sobre custos de transação e racionalidade limitada, além da concentração empresarial resultante da regulação excessiva. Buscou-se autores de Direito, Economia e Informática, de modo que a pesquisa conclui que tecnologias que diminuem custos de transação e aumentam a racionalidade limitada demandam regulamentação devido aos seus impactos sociais. No entanto, essa regulação deve ser equilibrada com a liberdade econômica para evitar a concentração empresarial, garantindo um desenvolvimento tecnológico que beneficie a sociedade de forma ampla.
Artigo

Aceleração informacional e os limites da mente humana: vulnerabilidade do consumidor pelo excesso de informação

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED , v. 21, n. 2, p. 1-18, 2026, 18 página(s)
Este artigo analisa a vulnerabilidade do consumidor na sociedade digital a partir do fenômeno da aceleração informacional e dos limites cognitivos da mente humana. Parte-se da constatação de que o avanço das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação intensificou os fluxos informacionais, produzindo um ambiente marcado pelo excesso de estímulos, pela sobrecarga cognitiva e pela dificuldade de interpretação racional das informações disponíveis. Nesse contexto, o consumidor, embora formalmente reconhecido como sujeito de direitos, passa a experimentar novas formas de fragilização - especialmente no ambiente digital -, caracterizadas pela vulnerabilidade informacional e pela vulnerabilidade digital. O trabalho adota uma abordagem teórico-dogmática, articulando contribuições da filosofia, da sociologia e do direito do consumidor, para demonstrar que a assimetria informacional, o design persuasivo e a atuação de plataformas digitais agravam o desequilíbrio estrutural nas relações de consumo. Sustenta-se que a proteção do consumidor passa por um processo de digitalização, exigindo a releitura dos instrumentos tradicionais de tutela à luz da tutela do consumidor. Diante do exposto, conclui-se que o excesso de informação, longe de ampliar a autonomia do consumidor, contribui para sua asfixia decisória, impondo novos desafios à efetividade da proteção jurídica no ambiente digital.
Artigo

Critérios de decisão aplicados pelo Robô Victor no STF e restrições de acesso a justiça em sede de recurso extraordinário

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED , v. 21, n. 3, p. 1-17, 2026, 17 página(s)
O desenvolvimento da tecnologia permitiu que o Poder Judiciário adotasse ferramentas de inteligência artificial para enfrentar a sobrecarga de processos e a necessidade de eficiência na tomada de decisões. No entanto, verificam-se desafios decorrentes dessa estrutura. Em sede de Recurso Extraordinário, a atuação do Robô Victor, no Supremo Tribunal de Federal, confirma esse cenário. Por essa razão, o presente artigo dedica-se à análise da utilização da IA no ambiente de tomada de decisões judiciais. Argumenta-se que a decisão algorítmica é falha quando se trata de motivação e publicidade, e que a opacidade e a compreensão da linguagem algorítmica restringem o acesso à justiça.
Artigo

Constitucionalidade do sistema de proteção jurídica de patente e a patente essencial a padrão tecnológico de TIC no Brasil

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
The constitutionality of the Brazilian system of legal protection of patents is examined, focusing on patents essential to technological standards in the information and communication technology sector. Based on the Federal Constitution, international treaties and infra-constitutional legislation, it is argued that the patent is not an absolute right, but a temporary privilege subordinated to the social interest, the social function of property, free competition, consumer protection and the scientific and technological development of the country. In the case of essential patents, there is tension between interests, as the exclusivity of the holder must coexist with the need for implementers to have access to technologies indispensable to interoperability, especially through licensing on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms. It briefly analyses the Brazilian industrial policy for information and communication technologies, identifying institutional advances, but also gaps regarding the specific normative treatment of essential patents and their fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing. It is concluded that the constitutional legitimacy of patent protection depends on its compatibility with innovation, national technological autonomy and its function in competition.
Artigo

Apresentação

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
Artigo

Patentes Essenciais a Padrões (SEP) e licenciamento FRAND: entre a exclusividade patentária e a governança da inovação tecnológica

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) play a strategic role in sectors that depend on interoperability, such as telecommunications, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence. Unlike conventional patents, they become indispensable for the implementation of widely adopted technological standards. In this context, FRAND commitments seek to reconcile patent exclusivity with access to essential technologies. This article examines the interaction between intellectual property, technological standardization, and FRAND licensing, arguing that the SEP/FRAND system constitutes a contemporary form of polycentric innovation governance. It also analyzes the role of standard-setting organizations, courts, competition authorities, and the challenges faced by Brazil in the digital economy.
Artigo

Patentes essenciais e defesa da concorrência no Brasil: fundamentos econômicos e a experiência do Cade

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
The growing adoption of technological standards has increased the importance of standard-essential patents (SEPs) and licensing commitments under fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms. In this context, disputes frequently arise regarding the boundaries between the legitimate exercise of intellectual property rights and potentially anticompetitive conduct. This article examines the role of the Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) in cases involving SEPs, aiming to assess under which circumstances disputes related to standard-essential patents may justify intervention by the Brazilian competition authority. To this end, the paper discusses the economic foundations of intellectual property protection and standard-essential patents, as well as the principles underlying competition law enforcement in Brazil. It then analyzes the two SEP-related cases submitted to CADE. The findings suggest that the authority has adopted a cautious approach, distinguishing private licensing disputes from conduct capable of producing anticompetitive effects. The article concludes that CADE’s role is not to resolve contractual conflicts between patent holders and implementers, but rather to protect competition as a collective interest, requiring evidence of potential harm to the competitive process before antitrust intervention is warranted.
Artigo

Interface das patentes essenciais e FRAND: uma possível integração com a licença compulsória de patente de abuso do poder econômico

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
O texto analisa a relação entre patentes essenciais, licenciamento FRAND e licença compulsória por abuso de poder econômico. Parte da ideia de que os padrões tecnológicos reduzem custos de transação, favorecem a interoperabilidade e estimulam a inovação, especialmente em setores intensivos em conhecimento. Entretanto, esse processo também pode gerar poder de mercado para os titulares das patentes essenciais, já que as empresas que desejam produzir bens compatíveis com o padrão precisam, em geral, licenciar essas tecnologias. Nesse contexto, o modelo FRAND busca garantir licenças em condições justas, razoáveis e não discriminatórias, permitindo que o titular receba royalties e, ao mesmo tempo, evitando práticas oportunistas ou anticompetitivas. Nesse cenário, o compromisso FRAND surge como mecanismo de equilíbrio entre o direito de exclusividade do titular e a necessidade de acesso da indústria ao padrão tecnológico. Contudo, o texto evidencia que a determinação de royalties justos, razoáveis e não discriminatórios é marcada por elevada complexidade, em razão de assimetrias informacionais, dificuldades de valoração da contribuição tecnológica, definição da base de cálculo e delimitação do escopo territorial da licença. Esses fatores tornam recorrentes os conflitos associados ao hold up e hold out. Por essa razão, a licença compulsória por abuso de poder econômico é apresentada como instrumento de política pública e de correção de falhas de mercado, apto a preservar a concorrência e a difusão tecnológica sem extinguir a titularidade patentária. No caso brasileiro, destaca-se a importância da atuação coordenada do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) e do Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI) na construção de um ambiente institucional mais previsível e equilibrado.
Artigo

A resolução de conflitos em SEP: os impactos e propósitos das guerras de liminares que se observam nas disputas no território brasileiro e as consequências destas intervenções judiciais sob uma perspe

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
This article examines the “injunction war” that currently characterizes disputes involving standard-essential patents (SEP) and fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) licensing, focusing on litigation within Brazilian territory and its consequences from a global perspective. Drawing on landmark Brazilian cases – notably Ericsson v. Apple and DivX v. Netflix – and comparing them with the leading frameworks of Huawei v. ZTE in the European Union and Unwired Planet v. Huawei in the United Kingdom, it investigates how parties design forum strategies, simultaneous filings and urgent measures – including anti-suit and anti-anti-suit injunctions – within an architecture of structured global litigation. It argues that the preliminary relief provided for in the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure has turned procedural time into a strategic bargaining asset, positioning Rio de Janeiro as a relevant forum in the transnational dispute. In conclusion, the strategic use of various dispute resolution mechanisms is proposed, particularly those that integrate and enable dialogued solutions built on consensus (negotiation and mediation), as opposed to the adversarial response typical of judicial disputes and arbitrations, as ways to: rebalance the contractual and relational positions of market players (necessarily interdependent, given the essential nature and pattern of technological solutions); harmonize interests and resolve conflict, mitigating the disruptive effects of preliminary injunction litigation in the Brazilian context.
Artigo

The evolution of standard essential patent litigation in India: from unfamiliar terrain to a structured forum

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
Standards, knowingly or unknowingly govern our everyday life and make products easy to manufacture, easy to sell and easy to use. Standards facilitate comfortable travel, ease of living and keep the world interconnected. Patents are an integral part of the standardisation process and thus hold immense value. The global standardisation bodies have prescribed norms for licensing of standards on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms – that are extremely futuristic. These terms ensure easy access to standardised technologies, while encouraging innovation through mandatory payment of royalties, instead of monopolisation. Standards are the unseen architecture of modern life, the silent protocols that allow a device fashioned by one hand to converse with a network built by another. In the last few years, India has become a part of this Standard-ecosystem which is integral to most countries and their economies. This article traces how a jurisdiction that began with almost no settled doctrine has, in little more than a decade, fashioned a coherent body of law for such patents. It follows the journey from the first tentative assertions against an industry scarcely aware that it owed anything, to a mature jurisdiction where the SEP owners and implementers are well aware of the adjudicatory processes, the legal principles which bind them and the manner in which they would obtain justice in a fair and transparent manner. India is now amongst the most neutral jurisdictions that is approached by SEP owners and implementers for resolution of their SEP disputes.
Artigo

Private Ordering in Global SEP Licensing: Comparative Lessons for Brazil’s Emerging Role in FRAND Disputes

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
Brazil is becoming an increasingly visible forum for standard-essential patent (SEP) disputes. Recent litigation before the Rio de Janeiro Business Courts and defensive declaratory actions in São Paulo suggest that Brazilian courts may play a more significant role in global fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) licensing strategy. This article argues that Brazil should preserve credible patent enforcement without allowing SEP litigation to substitute for commercial licensing. The comparative experience of the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and China shows that national approaches to remedies, competition claims, and global rate-setting can shape bargaining leverage and encourage forum shopping. The central claim is that SEP licensing remains a system of private ordering, supported by standard-setting organisations, FRAND commitments, patent pools, portfolio licensing, and negotiated commercial agreements. Brazilian courts should therefore act as backstops that make negotiation credible, discipline strategic delay, and prevent disproportionate injunction pressure. Where disputes concern global portfolio valuation, confidential comparables, or complex licensing terms, mediation, expert determination, and arbitration may offer a more suitable path. Brazil’s opportunity is not to become either a patent-holder-friendly injunction forum or an implementer-friendly defensive forum, but a jurisdiction where enforcement, proportionality, and private ordering reinforce one another.
Artigo

SEP/FRAND: Origens Históricas e o Caso Rambus

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
Offering a license of standard essential patents on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms has become a requirement for the subsequent exercise of patent rights, especially injunctions. However, the Rambus case, one of the precursors of this system, has peculiarities that demonstrate that excessive concern about potential anti-competitive effects of essential patents can have the reverse effect of discouraging technological innovation and even encouraging the adoption of conflicting practices by members of technical standards development organizations, whether they are implementers, patent holders, or both.
Artigo

The FRAND Objection – A Comparative Guide to UPC and German Practice

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
The FRAND objection – the antitrust defense of compulsory licensing in patent infringement proceedings – with its strategic importance for globally operating corporations has become one of the most high-profile and closely watched questions in European patent litigation. A decade after the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) laid down its negotiation framework in Huawei v. ZTE, its precise application remains inconsistent – even prompting the European Commission (EC) to intervene along the way as amicus curiae before German courts, pushing for a strictly sequential reading and a renewed referral to the CJEU. This article offers a practitioner-oriented comparative guide to the refined, but in their details by no means uniform, lines of authority developed by the German courts – recently consolidated in early 2026 by the Federal Court of Justice (FCJ), Germany’s highest court in patent and antitrust matters, in a decision highly anticipated in the global IP community – and to the evolving case law of the young and upcoming Unified Patent Court (UPC). It further maps strategic developments reshaping the field: counterclaims for rate-setting, proactive antitrust actions for concluding a license, and protective measures against foreign interim-license orders.
Artigo

SEPs, FRAND e geopolítica da inovação: gargalos jurídico-institucionais brasileiros e proposta de framework orientado ao desenvolvimento

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
Considerando a crescente centralidade das patentes essenciais a padrões (SEPs) e dos compromissos FRAND na geopolítica da inovação, este artigo examina, de forma sistemática e integrada, os principais desafios jurídico-institucionais enfrentados pelo Brasil na governança desse regime. A partir de fundamentos econômico-jurídicos, o estudo identifica os principais gargalos do arranjo normativo e institucional brasileiro, com especial atenção às interfaces entre direito da propriedade intelectual, direito da concorrência e regulação setorial. Em perspectiva comparada, a análise contrasta a experiência nacional com modelos estrangeiros, não com o propósito de promover transplantes acríticos, mas de extrair parâmetros normativos e mecanismos de coordenação capazes de mitigar incertezas e reduzir custos de transação. Com base nesse diagnóstico, o artigo propõe uma arquitetura jurídico-institucional brasileira voltada a reforçar a capacidade regulatória do Estado, aprimorar a inserção estratégica do país nas cadeias globais de valor intensivas em tecnologia e consolidar um protagonismo mais assertivo do Brasil no contexto do Sul Global.
Artigo

SEP/FRAND as Instruments of Technological Sovereignty: Rethinking Global IP Governance in an Era of Geoeconomic Fragmentation

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
The SEP/FRAND regime has become one of the most sophisticated structures of private coordination within the digital economy, designed to reconcile patent protection with the technological standardization necessary for market interoperability. The geoeconomic transformations of recent decades, however, have placed increasing pressure on this institutional architecture, shifting the debate beyond traditional concerns related to economic efficiency, competition, and the licensing of essential technologies. In strategic sectors such as telecommunications, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and semiconductors, the ownership of standard-essential patents and the definition of access conditions to standardized technologies have come to influence broader dynamics of strategic autonomy, industrial competitiveness, and the distribution of power within the global economy. In this context, the SEP/FRAND system no longer operates exclusively as a mechanism of private innovation governance, but assumes a relevant role in structuring technological dependencies and shaping the critical infrastructures of the digital economy. Based on bibliographical, documentary, and jurisprudential research, this article argues that the politicization of technological governance requires a reinterpretation of the SEP/FRAND regime as an instrument of technological sovereignty, revealing a reconfiguration of global intellectual property governance in a context marked by geoeconomic fragmentation.
Artigo

As Licenças FRAND/PEN no Direito Antitrust da União Europeia

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
Standard essential patents (SEP), or patents essential to technical standards, play a central role in sectors such as telecommunications, 5G, IoT, and AI. Because these patents are indispensable for implementing technical standards, their holder can acquire significant market power. EU competition law acts to prevent abuses of dominant position in the licensing of these patents, promoting FRAND (Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory) conditions. The European FRAND/SEP regime seeks to balance incentives for innovation and patent protection, aiming for equitable access to essential technologies and the prevention of abuses of dominant position, in the sense of a more transparent, predictable, and less litigious system, essential for strategic sectors such as IoT and AI.
Artigo

Patentes essenciais a padrões e incerteza sobre essencialidade: efeitos assimétricos para o Brasil como jurisdição implementadora e os caminhos institucionais de redução da opacidade

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
This article examines the effects of uncertainty about the essentiality of Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) in a purely implementing jurisdiction such as Brazil. Starting from the empirically supported finding that no Brazilian company figures among the main holders of SEPs related to the 5G standard — characterizing what is termed the innovation paradox — the article draws on Schuett and Wipusanawan’s (2025) informational asymmetry model and Zheng’s (2024) comparative jurisdictional analysis to argue that essentiality uncertainty, arising from the self-declaration system without institutional verification, produces more severe asymmetric effects in purely implementing jurisdictions. It artificially raises the costs of access to standardized technology and creates structural barriers to entry for small and medium-sized enterprises. The article analyzes Brazil’s institutional framework — comprising the INPI, CADE, and the Judiciary — identifying structural limitations that constrain the effectiveness of available instruments. It concludes that reducing opacity about essentiality is a public policy imperative, and that semi-automatic AI-based screening tools, combined with deepened CADE engagement on SEP/FRAND issues, represent promising and proportionate pathways given existing institutional capacities.
Artigo

International Developments relating to SEPs: An overview

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
This article provides a non-exhaustive overview of recent international developments in the area of standards essential patents (SEPs), whereby it focuses on policy developments and excludes SEP case law matters from its scope. Against the background of the growing economic relevance of standardized technologies, it examines a selection of national, regional and international policy, institutional and procedural initiatives concerning SEPs. It includes SEP policy developments in Brazil, China, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as regional initiatives in Europe. As to developments relating to SEPs and IGOs with a global membership, the article mainly concentrates on WIPO’s SEP Strategy and implementing projects while briefly touching upon the WTO and the World Bank Group. Without advocating for a particular approach, the article identifies recurring themes across initiatives.
Artigo

Competição jurisdicional no mercado de padrões tecnológicos

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
This article examines jurisdictional competition in disputes over standard essential patents (SEPs) and fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) licensing. It argues that although FRAND commitments aim to facilitate efficient global licensing, the territorial nature of patent rights enables both patentees and implementers to forum shop for courts likely to favour their respective positions on royalty rates, injunctions, and willingness to license. The analysis revisits the Huawei v ZTE framework, showing that strategic hold-up and hold-out practices often complicate its application in practice. The article then traces the growing use of anti-suit, anti-anti-suit, and anti-interim-licence injunctions across the United States, China, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and the Unified Patent Court, highlighting tensions between contractual approaches to FRAND, competition law, and judicial comity. It further discusses the WTO dispute China – Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights (EU), emphasizing the renewed importance of territoriality and the independence of national patent rights under TRIPS. The article concludes that greater transparency, judicial restraint, and respect for comity are essential to reduce procedural conflict and improve legitimacy in global FRAND dispute resolution. 
Artigo

Exploração abusiva de SEPs: uma análise concorrencial sobre a recusa de contratar sob termos FRAND

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
The refusal to license standard essential patents (SEPs) under FRAND terms by a dominant rightsholder is subject to increasing scrutiny by competition authorities in Brazil and abroad. This paper examines the conditions under which such conduct constitutes an abuse of dominant position under Article 36, §3, IV, of Brazilian Competition Law (Law No. 12,529/2011). Based on a bibliographic and documentary analysis of national and international literature on SEPs and FRAND commitments, it examines the landmark Huawei v. ZTE ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union and analyses the nascent experience of CADE, with particular attention to the administrative inquiry opened against Ericsson in April 2025. The paper concludes that Brazilian competition law already provides the normative tools to address such abuse but lacks systematic case law and clear analytical standards. Based on these findings, the paper proposes a concrete agenda for CADE, including the adoption of a procedural standard analogous to the European model and an institutional coordination with INPI for the issuance of a sector-specific guidance document.
Artigo

A solução de controvérsias no sistema de proteção jurídica de patentes essenciais a padrão de tecnologias de informação e comunicação no judiciário do Brasil

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
This article examines the legal treatment of Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) within the Brazilian judicial system, with particular emphasis on disputes involving standards such as 5G and HEVC. It starts from the premise that SEPs protect technologies that are indispensable for the implementation of technical standards and, therefore, must be licensed under FRAND terms (fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory) so as to reconcile patent exclusivity with competition law, technological interoperability, and the public interest. The study analyzes Brazilian case law and procedural practice regarding issues such as patent infringement, patent invalidity, jurisdiction, injunctive relief, confidentiality, and technical evidence, highlighting the increasing specialization of the business courts of Rio de Janeiro in SEP-related litigation. It identifies a judicial trend toward requiring more robust proof of patent essentiality, infringement, and compliance with FRAND licensing obligations. By comparing the Brazilian experience of the JVC v. Multilaser and Hisense (2025) with a foreign reference, especially the precedent Huawei v. ZTE (2015), the article concludes that the adequate resolution of disputes involving SEPs requires a balance between valid patent exclusivity, legal certainty, good business faith, competition and technological development.
Artigo

SEPs: o compromisso FRAND, Direito Concorrencial e os Princípios da Ordem Econômica Brasileira

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
The incorporation of a technology into a standard grants the holder of a Standard Essential Patent (SEP) the effective power to prevent the implementation of a standard in its entirety, whereby the exercise of its rights, including the right to seek injunctive relief in court, produces effects that extend beyond the litigating parties and impact competitors, implementers, consumers, and the innovation process itself. This article demonstrates that, in judicial disputes involving SEPs, the granting of injunctive relief cannot be treated as a strictly private matter governed solely by the Industrial Property Law. Under the Brazilian legal system, patent protection is not absolute: it is conditioned upon the social interest and the country’s technological and economic development and is subject to the constitutional principles of the social function of property and free competition (Article 5, XXIX, and Article 170 of the Constitution), with the collective being the holder of the legal interests protected by Law No. 12,529/2011. Industrial property rights have a constitutionally defined purpose, and their exercise is conditioned upon the generation of expected efficiencies for the benefit of the collective. This implies that the holder of a SEP, before obtaining injunctive relief, must demonstrate a set of elements— especially the essentiality and validity of the patent, the existence of a prior written and economically substantiated FRAND offer, and the unjustified refusal by a willing licensee—failing which the measure may operate as an instrument of hold-up and abuse of dominant position (Article 36 of Law No. 12,529/2011), in violation of the constitutional principles governing the economic order. In conclusion, the granting of exclusionary remedies without examining these elements disregards the economic function of standardization, undermines competition, and is incompatible with the Constitution and antitrust legislation.
Artigo

A Tutela de Urgência em Litígios SEP no Brasil: Essencialidade, Compromissos FRAND e a Necessidade de Instrução Técnica Prévia

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
This article examines interim relief in disputes involving standard-essential patents in Brazil, with emphasis on the relationship between essentiality, FRAND commitments, and the need for prior technical evidentiary proceedings. It starts from the premise that mere patent ownership, self-declaration before standard-setting organizations, and unilateral expert opinions are not, in isolation, sufficient to establish the likelihood of the asserted right in disputes marked by high technical complexity. The study analyzes the recent evolution of Brazilian practice, especially within the courts of Rio de Janeiro, identifying a shift from a logic of presumption to a model of structured verification, in which preliminary expert evidence, the parties’ negotiation conduct, the proportionality of the requested measure, and the risk of reverse harm assume particular importance. It argues that interim relief remains available in SEP disputes, but must be calibrated according to the degree of technical uncertainty, adherence to FRAND commitments, and the economic impact of the decision.
Artigo

Cortes, FRAND e SEPs: Metodologias de valoração e competição jurisdicional

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
O artigo examina os fundamentos e condicionantes da escolha de metodologias para a análise de royalties FRAND e suas implicações para a segurança jurídica e a eficiência do licenciamento de patentes essenciais, a partir de uma análise qualitativa, revisão bibliográfica e análise comparada entre as jurisdições do Reino Unido, da China e do Brasil. São analisados os fundamentos econômicos e institucionais da padronização tecnológica, das SEPs e do compromisso FRAND e estudadas as principais metodologias empregadas, notadamente as licenças comparáveis e top-down, assim como suas limitações. Por fim, são comparadas as atuações das jurisdições eleitas, mapeando convergências, divergências, fatores que influenciam a escolha de metodologias e os potenciais problemas dos foros globais de resolução de conflito. Conclui-se que as metodologias escolhidas e aplicadas pelas Cortes dependem da casuística, condicionada ao acervo probatório disponível, sem que haja a adoção de um padrão metodológico uniforme entre as jurisdições analisadas.
Artigo

Universal Royalty-Free Reciprocity: when is Royalty-Free not FRAND?

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
Royalty-free licensing of patents essential to a technology has been a compelling argument for implementation of that technology. The IPR policy adopted by W3C has been a RF model for other standards bodies, including the Alliance for Open Media. This article examines these IPR policies and notably their terms for reciprocity. These can create a licensing framework of “Universal Royalty-Free Reciprocity”, arguably an all-encompassing ecosystem covering standards development participants, other SEP holders and implementers. As a result, the headline royalty rate for AOM’s AV1 video codec specification, $ 0 per device, compares favorably with the rates – between $ 0.277 and $ 1.677 per device – published for other leading video codecs, HEVC and VVC developed by FRAND-based standards development organizations. This article assesses the purported benefits of RF licensing, when coupled with Universal Royalty-Free Reciprocity, and presents its disadvantages. One key issue is that the RF ecosystem is porous; there are many SEP holders that fall outside the reciprocity framework. Indeed those purportedly bound by the framework are free to step away and offer FRAND (royalty-bearing) terms. This article is timely because of the investigation conducted by DG Competition of the European Commission into AOM’s licensing practices and the similar interest recently shown by the Antitrust Division of the US Department of Justice. AOM’s “clarification” to its IPR policy in May 2023, in response to the Commission’s investigation, has received little commentary. This article is also timely in connection with this special edition of the Revista Brasileira de Direito on FRAND and SEPs in the light of recent proceedings before the Court of Justice of Rio de Janeiro brought by an AV1-essential patent holder against an AV1 implementer. 
Artigo

SEPs, FRAND e Multilateralismo sob Tensão: DS611, Expiração da Moratória de NVSC em TRIPS e o Sistema Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
This article examines the arbitral award issued under the Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) in DS611, concerning anti-suit injunctions in disputes involving standard essential patents (SEPs). It argues that the award should not be understood as an implicit application of non-violation or situation complaints (NVSC), since it rests on the interpretation of specific textual obligations under Articles 1.1, 28.1 and 28.2 of the TRIPS Agreement. The article argues that the category of “frustration” employed by the arbitrators produces functional resonances with the logic of nullification or impairment of expected benefits, requiring even greater institutional caution after the expiry of the TRIPS NVSC moratorium at the conclusion of the 14th WTO Ministerial Conference, held in Yaoundé in 2026. The article also examines the issue of territoriality surrounding the case in light of Article 4bis of the Paris Convention. In this context, DS611 may be read as functionally preserving patent independence by preventing extraterritorial measures from neutralizing the enforcement and validity review of patents granted in other jurisdictions. The article proposes interpretive safeguards and policy recommendations.
Artigo

Boa-fé na negociação FRAND em litígios de patentes essenciais: governança interna e prova documental no padrão europeu

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
This article examines the duties of conduct and evidentiary elements that determine good faith in FRAND licensing negotiations for standard essential patents. The analysis excludes royalty valuation and focuses on the internal governance capable of generating a verifiable documentary trail. Drawing on doctrinal analysis and a qualitative review of Huawei v. ZTE and selected European decisions, the article proposes, in the absence of a practice by our Courts, an evidence protocol and a compliance matrix for both SEP holders and implementers, with practical implications for disputes connected to Brazil.
Artigo

Global Competition for FRAND royalty setting

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
Standard essential patents (SEPs) and licensing on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms have ceased to be a private matter between holders and implementers to become a legal, economic and geopolitical phenomenon of the first order. This paper proposes four factors that explain the significance and orientation of SEP disputes, the national-industry factor, the geopolitical factor, the architectural factor and the factor of the internal balance between holders and implementers, and uses them as a framework for reading jurisdictional competition in FRAND matters. After characterising the types of implementers and holders and the different meanings of the FRAND commitment, the article analyses two salient manifestations of an emerging global governance: the judicial setting of global royalties and anti-suit injunctions. A comparative examination of the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and China, together with the WTO DS611 dispute, reveals a structural tension between the territoriality of the patent and the international vocation of the standard, as well as the risk of court-imposed compulsory licences.
Artigo

Standard Essential Patents and FRAND Licensing for Technological Sovereignty: A Eurasian Perspective

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
This article examines the challenges for the intellectual property regulation arising from the growing importance of standard essential patents (SEPs) and the associated obligations to license such patents on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms. The author presents an analysis of key regulatory issues and explores the impact of SEPs and FRAND licensing on the pursuit of technological sovereignty in the Eurasian regional context.
Artigo

O respeito à boa-fé objetiva na negociação, o dever de lealdade processual e o ônus da prova dos elementos FRAND

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
The increasing judicialization of disputes involving Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) has shifted the focus of legal debate beyond the mere assessment of patent infringement, placing greater emphasis on the parties’ conduct during negotiations for licenses on Fair, Reasonable, and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) terms. Against this backdrop, this article examines whether objective good faith constitutes the underlying principle capable of simultaneously defining the parties’ negotiation duties and the allocation of the burden of proof in FRAND disputes. It argues that objective good faith operates as a unifying framework connecting FRAND negotiations, procedural conduct, and the dynamic allocation of evidentiary burdens. Building upon the interaction between good faith in negotiations and duties of procedural loyalty, the article seeks to demonstrate that the effectiveness of the FRAND framework depends upon the existence of minimum standards of conduct applicable both during licensing negotiations and throughout subsequent judicial proceedings. It further contends that the allocation of the burden of proof should reflect each party’s role in the formation and documentation of the negotiating relationship. By examining the impact of these duties on evidentiary production, the assessment of party conduct, and the granting of judicial remedies, the article proposes an integrated approach to the substantive and procedural elements that structure the FRAND regime.
Artigo

Abuso de direitos de propriedade industrial sobre patentes essenciais a normas técnicas no Brasil: das respostas comparadas aos instrumentos jurídicos domésticos

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
As patentes essenciais a normas técnicas (SEPs) ocupam posição singular no direito da propriedade industrial contemporâneo. Ao serem incorporadas a normas técnicas que organizam a interoperabilidade, a compatibilidade, a segurança, a qualidade e a escalabilidade de produtos, serviços, infraestruturas e cadeias produtivas, essas patentes podem conferir ao titular um poder de negociação que transcende a lógica ordinária da exclusividade patentária. O tema ganha especial relevância diante do crescimento de disputas envolvendo SEPs no Brasil e da inserção do país no circuito transnacional de litígios sobre licenciamento de tecnologias padronizadas. O presente artigo examina como o abuso de direitos de propriedade industrial sobre patentes pode ser compreendido e enfrentado no Brasil a partir das disputas envolvendo SEPs e compromissos de licenciamento justo, razoável e não discriminatório (FRAND). Adotando uma metodologia de comparação funcional, este sistematiza as respostas jurídicas aplicadas no direito comparado - como a adequação de medidas inibitórias, fixação de royalties, sanções por violação de compromissos FRAND, remédios concorrenciais e inexigibilidade da patente -, identifica as funções que cada uma delas desempenha e avalia de que modo essas funções podem ser traduzidas para o ordenamento brasileiro por meio dos instrumentos jurídicos existentes. O artigo propõe uma matriz dogmático-funcional de seis eixos analíticos e sustenta que, embora o direito brasileiro careça de regime específico sobre SEPs, sua arquitetura normativa, fundada na função econômica da patente, na boa-fé objetiva, na proporcionalidade, na defesa da concorrência e na repressão ao abuso de poder econômico, oferece base suficiente para respostas jurídicas coerentes, ressalvadas lacunas identificadas que demandam desenvolvimento doutrinário ulterior.
Artigo

Critérios judicativos da remuneração das licenças SEP / FRAND e alguns problemas processuais envolventes

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
The proper setting of royalties on FRAND licenses has been a controversial issue and royalty base has been the subject of heated debate for some years now. On the one hand, the royalty rate base, in isolation, is irrelevant since the royalty rate applied to that base can always be adjusted upwards or downwards to match the selected base. In setting reasonable royalty payments, we must keep in mind both licensees and patent holders, and do our best not to bias the licensing process to one or the other side. At the end of the distribution chain, there are also the final consumers. There is no miracle approach that authorizes the calculation of FRAND royalties. This calculation implies, on the contrary, taking the context into account and forging an approach adapted to the case. A reasonable royalty payment can be achieved either through the use of apportionment or reliance on the entire market value rule. Practical reasons call for the use of the entire market value rule, except in situations where certain components form the basis of demand for this type of product. Component value is not always separable from full product value. In any case, we should cross as much as possible the different methods of calculating rates according to the circumstances of the case. Of course, the determination and quantification of these licenses raise significant issues of civil procedure law that have not yet been resolved (eg. international jurisdiction; lis pendens; anti-suit injunctions, counterclaim).
Artigo

Uma Perspectiva sobre os Desafios Enfrentados pelos Titulares de Patentes no Ecossistema de Licenciamento de SEPs

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
This article examines the licensing ecosystem of Essential Standards Patents (ESPs) from the perspective of technology developers and patent holders. It addresses the fundamental challenges faced by companies investing in research and development to create the technologies underlying modern standards such as Wi-Fi, 5G, USB, and LTE. The article argues that the licensing of ESPs is fundamentally a private and contractual matter, best resolved through bilateral negotiation, and that competition law intervention should be reserved for exceptional circumstances. Based on case law from the European Union, the United Kingdom, Germany, China and Brazil, the article demonstrates that hold-outs by implementers represent an equal or greater threat to innovation compared to hold-ups by patent holders. It concludes with recommendations for maintaining a balanced framework that protects incentives for innovation while ensuring access to standardized technologies.
Artigo

Patentes Essenciais a Padrões Tecnológicos

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
Standard-Essential Patents (SEPs) hold a central position in the functioning of modern technology markets. In sectors such as telecommunications, computing, and the Internet of Things, technical standards are established to ensure interoperability between products and services. When the implementation of these standards necessarily uses patented technologies, such patents are considered "essential." This study examines the concept of an essential patent, its historical development, the role of standard-setting organizations, the commitment to license on FRAND (fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory) terms, as well as the competition and procedural challenges that arise from the enforcement of these rights. Special attention is given to the case law of the Brazilian Judiciary and the decisions of CADE (the Brazilian antitrust authority) on the subject, focusing on conducts like patent hold-up and royalty stacking, and the controversy over the granting of injunctive relief. The study concludes that the proper management of essential patents is fundamental to balancing incentives for innovation with the promotion of free competition, a constant challenge for the justice system and the antitrust authority in Brazil.
Artigo

A recepção das obrigações FRAND pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
FRAND (fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory) obligations are licensing commitments voluntarily undertaken by holders of standard-essential patents (SEPs) before standard-setting organizations. Although their legal effects are recognized by foreign courts and the matter is already being addressed by Brazilian courts, such obligations have no specific legislative regulation under Brazilian law. This paper investigates how the FRAND commitment is received by Brazilian civil law. It argues that, absent specific rules, the FRAND declaration constitutes a valid legal transaction whose interpretation in accordance with good faith and market usages renders it irrevocable, while objective good faith and the prohibition of contradictory conduct operate as limits on the patent holder’s conduct. It concludes that Brazilian law has sufficient tools to give effect to the FRAND commitment, albeit through general private-law categories rather than a specific legislative framework.
Artigo

Patentes Essenciais (SEPs) no Judiciário Brasileiro: Infração, Validade e Licenciamento FRAND

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO IMED
O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar os conflitos envolvendo patentes essenciais (SEPs) no Brasil, com foco nas disputas judiciais relacionadas à infração, à essencialidade e à validade da patente. Para tanto, o estudo explora inicialmente a definição de SEPs, o papel das organizações de padronização e o licenciamento nos termos FRAND (Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory). Em seguida, o artigo dedica-se aos números da litigância na Justiça Federal e Estadual. Por fim, aborda tópicos que contribuem para o papel estratégico que o Brasil tem exercido no ecossistema global das patentes essenciais, como os requisitos para a concessão de tutelas provisórias de urgência e o momento adequado da prova pericial, bem como analisa a abrangência territorial das decisões judiciais em casos de delimitação dos termos FRAND.

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