1 documento indexado para o autor: Arrisman

The rapid development of app-based transportation services has significantly transformed urban mobility systems in many countries, including Indonesia. One of the most prominent innovations is the use of motorcycles as passenger transport vehicles through digital ride-hailing platforms. Despite their widespread use and growing importance in urban mobility, the Indonesian transportation legal framework does not explicitly recognize motorcycles as public passenger transport vehicles for commercial services. This situation has created a regulatory gap that gives rise to a phenomenon of regulatory forbearance, in which the state implicitly allows the practice to continue without a clear and comprehensive legal framework. This study aims to analyze the regulatory forbearance in the governance of app-based motorcycle passenger transport and to identify the legal risks arising from such regulatory conditions. The research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials are analyzed qualitatively using the perspective of legal risk theory. The findings indicate that regulatory forbearance in app-based motorcycle transport generates various legal risks for drivers, passengers, platform providers, and the state as regulator. These risks primarily relate to legal uncertainty, liability issues, and the lack of adequate legal protection for service users. Therefore, a more adaptive and risk-based regulatory framework is necessary to ensure legal certainty and public protection in the evolving digital transportation ecosystem.